Antibubble
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A droplet of liquid surrounded by a thin film of gas, as opposed to a gas bubble, which is a sphere of gas surrounded by a thin film of liquid. Antibubbles are formed when liquid drops or flows turbulently into the same or another liquid. They can either skim across the surface of a liquid such as water (e.g. water globules), or be completely submerged in the liquid to which they are directed.
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Boundary Layer
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A boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface. The boundary layer effect occurs at the field region in which all changes occur in the flow pattern. The boundary layer distorts surrounding nonviscous flow.
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Bubble
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A globule of one substance in another, usually gas in a liquid. Due to the Marangoni effect, bubbles may remain intact when they reach the surface of the immersive substance.
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Coanda Effect
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The tendency of a fluid jet to stay attached to an adjacent suitably shaped curved surface. Also applies to powdered solids.
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Cohesion
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The action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive. This is an intrinsic property of a substance that is caused by the shape and structure of its molecules which makes the distribution of orbiting electrons irregular when molecules get close to one another, creating electrical attraction that can maintain a macroscopic structure such as a water drop.
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Electric Field
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The space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field has a property called an electric field (that can also be equated to electric flux density). This electric field exerts a force on other electrically charged objects.
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If the gas carries an electric charge.
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Electrostatics
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The phenomena arising from stationary or slowly moving electric charges
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Ferromagnetism
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The mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with magnets. Responsible for commonly observed magnetism phenomena, e.g. 'fridge magnets. A material is 'ferromagnetic' only if all its magnetic ions add a positive contribution to the net magnetisation. If some of them subtract from the net magnetisation (i.e. are partially anti-aligned), then the material is 'ferrimagnetic'.
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In the case of ionised gas.
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Force
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That which can cause an object with mass to accelerate. Force has both magnitude & direction, i.e. it's a vector quantity. An object with constant mass will accelerate in proportion to the net force acting upon it and in inverse proportion to its mass (or the net force on an object is equal to the rate of change of momentum it experiences). Forces acting on objects may cause them to rotate or deform, or result in a change in pressure.
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Freezing
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A phase change in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. Colloquially it is applied to water, but technically it applies to any liquid. All known liquids, except liquid helium, freeze when the temperature is lowered enough.
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Glassy Carbon
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(also called vitreous carbon) A a non-graphitising carbon which combines glassy and ceramic properties with those of graphite. The most important properties are high temperature resistance, extreme resistance to chemical attack and impermeability to gases and liquids. Glassy carbon is widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices.
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Holes
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A hole is a confined lack of structure in some part of an object.
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Ionisation
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The physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions.
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London Dispersion Force
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A weak intermolecular force acting between atoms and molecules arising from quantum induced instantaneous polarisation multipoles in molecules. Can therefore act between molecules without permanent multipole moments.
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Magnetism
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One of the phenomena by which materials exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials. Some well-known materials that exhibit easily detectable magnetic properties (called magnets) are nickel, iron, cobalt, and their alloys; however, all materials are influenced to greater or lesser degree by the presence of a magnetic field.
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Magnetohydrodynamic Effect
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A magnetic field can induce currents in a moving conductive fluid, which create forces on the fluid, and also change the magnetic field itself.
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MHD is used in plasma confinement.
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Metastability
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A general scientific concept which describes states of delicate equilibrium. A system is in a metastable state when it is in equilibrium (not changing with time) but is susceptible to fall into lower-energy states with only slight interaction. It is analogous to being at the bottom of a small valley when there is a deeper valley close by
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Phase Change
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The transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another. Most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, in rare cases including plasma.
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Physical Containment
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Partial or complete enclosure of an object or substance by some physical medium, typically for the purpose of protection or restriction of movement.
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Physisorption
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(or physical adsorption) A type of adsorption in which the adsorbate adheres to the surface only through Van der Waals (weak intermolecular) interactions, which are also responsible for the non-ideal behaviour of real gases.
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Porosity
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The quality of being porous - i.e. having voids or spaces within a solid substance within or through which fluids can be present.
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By absorbing the gas into a porous material.
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Potential Well
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The region surrounding a local minimum of potential energy. Energy held in a potential well is unable to convert to another type of energy (kinetic energy in the case of a gravitational potential well) because it is captured in the local minimum of a potential well and so may not proceed to the global minimum of potential energy, as it would naturally tend to due to entropy.
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Pressure Gradient
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A fluid (gas or liquid) subject to a pressure gradient results in a net force that is directed from high to low pressure (the 'pressure gradient force').
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Pressure Increase
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Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface. Pressure is transmitted to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid normal to these boundaries or sections at every point.
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Reaction (physics)
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In classical mechanics, Newton's third law states that forces occur in pairs: the Action and the Reaction. Both forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The distinction between action and reaction is purely arbitrary: any one of the two forces can be considered an action, in which case the other (corresponding) force automatically becomes its associated reaction.
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Suction
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The flow of a fluid into a partial vacuum, or region of low pressure. The pressure gradient between this region and the ambient pressure will propel matter toward the low pressure area.
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Superheating
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(sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) The phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. Superheating is achieved by heating a homogeneous substance in a clean container, free of nucleation sites, while taking care not to disturb the liquid.
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Temperature Gradient
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The variation in temperature over distance.
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Van der Waals Force
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The sum of the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or between parts of the same molecule) other than those due to covalent bonds or to the electrostatic interaction of ions with one another or with neutral molecules. Includes Keesom Force, Debye Force and London dispersion force.
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Vortex Ring
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A torus shaped vortex in a fluid i.e. a region where the fluid mostly spins around an imaginary axis line that forms a closed loop. The dominant flow in a vortex ring is said to be toroidal, more precisely poloidal. Within a stationary body of fluid, a vortex ring can travel for relatively long distance, carrying the spinning fluid with it.
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