Acoustic Cavitation
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Cavitation induced by an acoustic field. Microscopic gas bubbles which are generally present in a liquid will be forced to oscillate due to an applied acoustic field. If the acoustic intensity is sufficiently high, the bubbles will first grow in size, and then rapidly collapse. High power ultrasonics usually use the inertial cavitation of microscopic vacuum bubbles for treatment of surfaces, liquids and slurries.
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Aerobic Digestion
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A series of processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the presence of oxygen
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Anaerobic Digestion
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A series of processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. It is widely used to treat wastewater sludges and organic wastes because it provides volume and mass reduction of the input material.
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Argon Flash
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A method for generating very short and extremely bright flashes of light using a shock wave in argon or other suitable noble gas. The device consists of a vessel filled with argon and a solid explosive charge. The explosion generates a shock wave, which heats the gas to very high temperature (over 104 K). The gas then emits a flash of intense visible and ultraviolet radiation. The amount of explosive can control the intensity of the flash.
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Artificial Photosynthesis
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A chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen. The term is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel
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Photosynthesis consumes water.
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Avalanche Breakdown
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A phenomenon that can occur in both insulating and semiconducting materials (solids, liquids, or gases), allowing very large currents to flow within materials which are otherwise good insulators. Occurs when the electric field in the material is great enough to accelerate free electrons to the point that, when they strike atoms in the material, they can knock other electrons free: the number of free electrons is thus increased rapidly as newly generated particles become part of the process.
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Capillary Evaporation
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The transport of a liquid from within a capillary system (e.g. a block of porous material) and the subsequent evaporation from its surface.
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Catalysis
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The process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst. Unlike other reagents that participate in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed. Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. As a result, products are formed faster and reactions reach their equilibrium state more rapidly.
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Coherent Light
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Two light waves are said to be coherent if they have a constant relative phase, which also implies that they have the same frequency.
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Combustion
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(or burning) A complex sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames. Direct combustion by atmospheric oxygen is a reaction mediated by radical intermediates typically produced as a result of thermal runaway, where the heat generated by combustion is necessary to maintain the high temperature necessary for radical production.
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Conduction (electrical)
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The movement of electrically charged particles through a transmission medium (electrical conductor). The movement of charge constitutes an electric current. The charge transport may result as a response to an electric field, or as a result of a concentration gradient in carrier density, that is, by diffusion .
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Through heating resulting from the flow of current.
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Cryolysis
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Destruction by cold (usually in a medical context)
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Deflagration
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A technical term describing subsonic combustion that usually propagates through thermal conductivity (hot burning material heats the next layer of cold material and ignites it). Most 'fire' found in daily life, from flames to explosions, is technically deflagration. Deflagration is different from detonation (which is supersonic and propagates through shock compression).
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Detonation
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Detonation involves a supersonic exothermic front accelerating through a medium that eventually drives a shock front propagating directly in front of it. Detonations are observed in both conventional solid and liquid explosives, as well as in reactive gases.
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Electric Arc
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An electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an ongoing plasma discharge, resulting from a current flowing through normally nonconductive media such as air
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Electrohydrogenesis
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Electrohydrogenesis or biocatalyzed electrolysis is the name given to a process for generating hydrogen gas from organic matter being decomposed by bacteria.
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Electrolysis
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A method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. Electrolysis involves the passage of an electric current through an ionic substance that is either molten or dissolved in a suitable solvent, resulting in chemical reactions at the electrodes.
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For a liquid electrolyte.
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Electron Beam
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(also called Cathode Rays or e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes, i.e. evacuated glass tubes that are equipped with at least two metal electrodes to which a voltage is applied, a cathode or negative electrode and an anode or positive electrode.
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Electrostatic Discharge
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The sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials
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Entropic Explosion
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An explosion in which the reactants undergo a large change in volume without releasing a large amount of heat.
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Enzyme
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Proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates sufficient for life. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts in that they are highly specific for their substrates
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Evaporation
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The change of the physical state of aggregation (or simply state) of matter from liquid phase to gaseous phase.
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Exothermic Reaction
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An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction accompanied by the release of heat. In other words, the energy needed for the reaction to occur is less than the total energy released. As a result of this, the extra energy is released, usually in the form of heat.
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Explosion
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A sudden increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases.
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Flow Battery
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A form of rechargeable battery in which electrolyte containing one or more dissolved electroactive species flows through a power cell / reactor that converts chemical energy to electricity. Additional electrolyte is stored externally and typically pumped through the cell(s) of the reactor. Can be rapidly 'recharged' by replacing the electrolyte (analogous to refilling a fuel tank) while recovering the spent material for re-energisation.
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Fuel Cell
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An electrochemical conversion device. It produces electricity from fuel (on the anode side) and an oxidant (on the cathode side), which react in the presence of an electrolyte. The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are maintained.
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Heating
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The act of increasing temperature.
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Hydrates
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In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the addition of water or its elements to a host molecule. In inorganic chemistry, hydrates contain water molecules that are either bound to a metal center or crystallized with the metal complex. Such hydrates are also said to contain 'water of crystallisation' or 'water of hydration'.
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If the liquid is water.
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Hydrogenation
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Hydrogenation is the chemical reaction that results from the addition of hydrogen. The process is usually employed to a reduce or saturate organic compounds. The process typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule.
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Infrared Radiation
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Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is longer than that of visible light (400-700 nm), but shorter than that of terahertz radiation (3-300 µm) and microwaves (~30,000 µm). Infrared radiation spans roughly three orders of magnitude (750 nm and 1000 µm).
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From energy of incident infrared radiation.
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Laser
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A device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process called stimulated emission.
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Laser Ablation
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The process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates. At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a plasma. Usually, laser ablation refers to removing material with a pulsed laser, but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wave laser beam if the laser intensity is high enough.
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Light
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Light is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye (in a range from about 380 or 400 nanometres to about 760 or 780 nm)
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Nuclear Fission
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The splitting of the nucleus of an atom into parts (lighter nuclei) often producing free neutrons and other smaller nuclei, which may eventually produce photons (in the form of gamma rays). Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments (heating the bulk material where fission takes place).
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Oxidation
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A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion.
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Ozone
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Ozone (O3), or trioxygen, is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope (O2).
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Photo-oxidation
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Oxidation facilitated radiant energy such as UV or artificial light. This process is often the most significant component of weather degradation of polymers.
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Photodissociation
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A chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. Any photon with sufficient energy can affect the chemical bonds of a chemical compound. Since a photon's energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, electromagnetic waves with the energy of visible light or higher, such as ultraviolet light, x-rays and gamma rays are usually involved in such reactions.
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Plasma
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A partially ionized gas, in which a certain proportion of electrons are free rather than being bound to an atom or molecule. The ability of the positive and negative charges to move somewhat independently makes the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields. Plasma therefore has properties quite unlike those of solids, liquids or gases and is considered to be a distinct state of matter.
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Pyrolysis
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A thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 °C (800 °F). Pyrolysis is a special case of thermolysis.
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Pyrophoricity
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A pyrophoric substance ignites spontaneously in air at or below 55 degrees centigrade. The creation of sparks from metals is based on the pyrophoricity of small metal particles. The sparking mechanism in cigarette lighters is an example. Some liquids and gases are phyrophoric.
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In the case of pyphoric liquids.
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Radiation
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A process in which energetic particles or waves travel through a medium or space. There are two distinct types of radiation; ionizing and non-ionizing.
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Radioactive Decay
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The process in which an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation.
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Redox Reactions
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Redox (shorthand for oxidation-reduction) reactions describe all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. This can be either a simple redox process, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar(C6H12O6) in the human body through a series of complex electron transfer processes.
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Reduction
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A chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion.
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Thermal Radiation
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Electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of an object due to the object's temperature.
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Thermolysis
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(or Thermal decomposition) A chemical decomposition caused by heat. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break chemical bonds in the compound undergoing decomposition. If decomposition is sufficiently exothermic, a positive feedback loop is created producing thermal runaway and possibly an explosion.
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Ultrasound
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Cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing. Although this limit varies from person to person, 20 kHz serves as a useful lower limit in describing ultrasound.
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